Group G/9 resistant Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis) from Argentina

International Survey of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds

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Thursday, July 13, 2017

GROUP G/9 RESISTANT SMOOTH PIGWEED
(Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis))

EPSP synthase inhibitors (G/9)

Argentina, Santa Fe and Córdoba

INTRODUCTION		SMOOTH PIGWEED
Smooth Pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis)) is a dicot weed in the Amaranthaceae family. In Argentina this weed first evolved resistance to Group G/9 herbicides in 2013 and infests Soybean. Group G/9 herbicides are known as EPSP synthase inhibitors (Inhibition of EPSP synthase). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to glyphosate and they may be cross-resistant to other Group G/9 herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Dec 10, 2013 )
Common Name	Smooth Pigweed
Species	Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis)
Group	EPSP synthase inhibitors (G/9)
Herbicides	glyphosate
Location	Argentina, Santa Fe and Córdoba
Year	2013
Situation(s)	Soybean
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Nicolás Montero Bulacio, Sergio Morichetti, Juan Carlos Papa, and Daniel Tuesca
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

GENERAL

Daniel Tuesca

During the last year we`ve been working with several A. quitensis biotypes wich were not controlled with usual dosis of glyphosate in agricultural fields.

We performed greenhouse studies comparing them with a known susceptible biotipe and we found a very high level of resistance in three of the suspected biotypes.

The dose response experiments were carried on using a wide range of doses from 34 g. a.e/ha up to 17280 g e.a/ha. In all the suspected biotypes we registered surviving plants even at the highest dose tested.

Contributors: Daniel Tuesca, Juan Carlos Papa; Sergio Morichetti and Nicolás Montero Bulacio.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Field, and Greenhouse trials comparing a known susceptible Smooth Pigweed biotype with this Smooth Pigweed biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on Group G/9 resistant Smooth Pigweed have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group G/9 resistant Smooth Pigweed from Argentina please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

NICOLÁS MONTERO BULACIO

Docente-Investigador Facultad de Ciencias Agrárias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina Cátedra de Malezas Campo Experimental JF Villarino. Zavalla, 2125, Santa Fe Argentina Email Nicolás Montero Bulacio

SERGIO MORICHETTI

Agronomist (M. Sc.) R&D Cátedra de Malezas Salta 156 General Deheza, 5923, Cordoba Argentina Email Sergio Morichetti

JUAN CARLOS PAPA

Weed Scientist Inta Crop Protection Ruta Nac. N° 11 Km 353 Oliveros, 2206, Cordoba Argentina Email Juan Carlos Papa Web : Web Site Link

DANIEL TUESCA

Docente - Investigador Universidad Nacional De Rosario, Argentina Cátedra De Malezas Facultad De Ciencias Agrarias Campo Experimental J.F. Villarino. C.C 14 Zavalla, 2125, Santa Fe Argentina Email Daniel Tuesca Web : Web Site Link

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Argentina have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Nicolás Montero Bulacio, Sergio Morichetti, Juan Carlos Papa, and Daniel Tuesca for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Smooth Pigweed Globally
(Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis))

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Argentina

1996

Soybean

chlorimuron-ethyl, and imazethapyr

ALS inhibitors (B/2)

Argentina

2013

Soybean

glyphosate

EPSP synthase inhibitors (G/9)

Argentina

2014

Corn (maize), and Soybean

glyphosate, and imazethapyr

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
ALS inhibitors (B/2)
EPSP synthase inhibitors (G/9)

Bolivia

2002

Soybean

chlorimuron-ethyl, imazamox, imazethapyr, and oxasulfuron

ALS inhibitors (B/2)

Bolivia

2005

Soybean

fomesafen, lactofen, and sulfentrazone

PPO inhibitors (E/14)

Canada (Ontario)

2004

Corn (maize)

bentazon, and bromoxynil

PSII inhibitors (Nitriles) (C3/6)

France

1980

Corn (maize)

atrazine

Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)

Israel

1986

Cropland

atrazine

Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)

Italy

1978

Corn (maize)

atrazine

Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)

South Africa

1993

Corn (maize)

atrazine

Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)

Spain

1985

Corn (maize)

atrazine

Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)

Switzerland

1982

Vegetables

simazine

Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)

United States (Maryland)

1972

Corn (maize), and Cropland

atrazine

Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)

United States (Virginia)

1976

Corn (maize)

atrazine

Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)

United States (Delaware)

1977

Corn (maize)

atrazine

Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)

United States (North Carolina)

1980

Corn (maize)

atrazine

Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)

United States (Pennsylvania)

1980

Corn (maize)

atrazine

Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)

United States (New Jersey)

1980

Corn (maize)

atrazine

Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)

United States (New York)

1980

Corn (maize)

atrazine, metribuzin, and simazine

Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)

United States (Wisconsin)

1985

Corn (maize)

atrazine

Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)

United States (Kentucky)

1987

Corn (maize)

atrazine, and simazine

Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)

United States (Kentucky)

1992

Soybean

chlorimuron-ethyl, flumetsulam, imazaquin, imazethapyr, nicosulfuron, primisulfuron-methyl, and thifensulfuron-methyl

ALS inhibitors (B/2)

United States (Illinois)

1993

Corn (maize)

atrazine

Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)

United States (Virginia)

1994

Corn (maize), and Soybean

imazaquin, and imazethapyr

ALS inhibitors (B/2)

United States (Illinois)

1998

Soybean

imazethapyr, and primisulfuron-methyl

ALS inhibitors (B/2)

United States (Delaware)

2000

Vegetables

imazethapyr

ALS inhibitors (B/2)

United States (Illinois)

2000

Corn (maize)

atrazine, imazethapyr, and primisulfuron-methyl

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
ALS inhibitors (B/2)
Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)

United States (Ohio)

2001

Soybean

flumetsulam, and thifensulfuron-methyl

ALS inhibitors (B/2)

United States (Michigan)

2002

Soybean

chlorimuron-ethyl, imazamox, and thifensulfuron-methyl

ALS inhibitors (B/2)

Literature about Similar Cases

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CARVALHO, S.J.P., GONÇALVES NETTO, A., NICOLAI, M., CAVENAGHI, A.L., LÓPEZ-OVEJERO, R.F., and CHRISTOFFOLETI, P.J.. 2015. DETECTION OF GLYPHOSATE-RESISTANT PALMER AMARANTH (Amaranthus palmeri) IN AGRICULTURAL AREAS OF MATO GROSSO, BRAZIL. Planta Daninha 33 : 579 - 586.

ABSTRACT - The recent introduction of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) in Brazilian agricultural areas may promote several changes on weed management, especially in no-till systems and in glyphosate-resistant crops, since glyphosate-resistant biotypes of A. palmeri have been frequently selected in other countries. Therefore, this research was developed in order to evaluate the glyphosate susceptibility of a Palmer amaranth biotype recently identified in the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. For this purpose, glyphosate susceptibility of three Amaranthus biotypes was compared: A. hybridus var. patulus, collected in the State of Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil; A. hybridus var. patulus, collected in the State of São Paulo - Brazil; and A. palmeri, collected in the State of Mato Grosso - Brazil. Dose-response curves were generated for all biotypes, considering eight rates of glyphosate and six replicates. All the experiments were repeated twice. Both A. hybridus biotypes were satisfactorily controlled by glyphosate, demanding rates equal to or lower than 541.15 g a.e. ha-1 for 80% control (LD80). The A. palmeri biotype was not controlled by glyphosate in any of the assessments and required rates greater than 4,500 g a.e. ha-1 to reach LD80, which are economically and environmentally unacceptable. Comparison of the Brazilian A. palmeri biotype to the A. hybridus biotypes, as well as, to the results available in scientific international literature, led to the conclusion that the Brazilian Palmer amaranth biotype is resistant to glyphosate..

Gaines, T. A. ; Ward, S. M. ; Bukun, B. ; Preston, C. ; Leach, J. E. ; Westra, P.. 2012. Interspecific hybridization transfers a previously unknown glyphosate resistance mechanism in Amaranthus species. Evolutionary Applications 5 : 29 - 38.

A previously unknown glyphosate resistance mechanism, amplification of the 5-enolpyruvyl shikimate-3-phosphate synthase gene, was recently reported in Amaranthus palmeri. This evolved mechanism could introgress to other weedy Amaranthus species through interspecific hybridization, representing an avenue for acquisition of a novel adaptive trait. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential for this glyphosate resistance trait to transfer via pollen from A. palmeri to five other weedy Amaranthus species (Amaranthus hybridus, Amaranthus powellii, Amaranthus retroflexus, Amaranthus spinosus, and Amaranthus tuberculatus). Field and greenhouse crosses were conducted using glyphosate-resistant male A. palmeri as pollen donors and the other Amaranthus species as pollen recipients. Hybridization between A. palmeri and A. spinosus occurred with frequencies in the field studies ranging from <0.01% to 0.4%, and 1.4% in greenhouse crosses. A majority of the A. spinosus × A. palmeri hybrids grown to flowering were monoecious and produced viable seed. Hybridization occurred in the field study between A. palmeri and A. tuberculatus (<0.2%), and between A. palmeri and A. hybridus (<0.01%). This is the first documentation of hybridization between A. palmeri and both A. spinosus and A. hybridus..

Bhowmik, P. C.. 2010. Current status of herbicide resistant weeds around the Globe. Journal of Crop and Weed 6 : 33 - 43.

The incidence and wide spread of herbicide resistant weeds is a global problem. Over the past 65 years, repeated use of herbicides has resulted in the evolution of resistant weed species. The first resistant species to triazine was discovered in 1970 in the United States. Since then, a large number of weed species has evolved resistance to several classes of herbicide. Currently, there are 334 resistant biotypes, including 190 weed species (113 dicots and 77 monocots) in over 310, 000 fields around the world Common resistant species are Chenopodium album and Amaranthus retroflexus resistant to triazine, Phalaris minor resistant to isoproturon, P. minor and P. paradoxa resistant to diclofop, Echinochloa colona resistant to propanil, Echinochloa crusgalli resistant to butachlor, Eleusine indica resistant to trifluralin, Lolium rigidum resistant to diclofop, Lactuca serriola resistant to metsuljuron, glyphosate resistance to Eleusine indica, Conyza canadensis, Lolium rigidum, and Lolium multiflorum. Multiple weed resistance to more than one class of herbicides with different modes of action has also been documented with many species. Currently there has been increased herbicide resistance to various weed species around the globe. Most common species are Lolium rigidum, Avena fatua, Amaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium album, Setaria viridis, Echinochloa crusgalli, Eleusine indica, Kochia scoparia, Conyza canadensis, and Amaranthus hybridus..

Trucco, F. ; Tatum, T. ; Rayburn, A. L. ; Tranel, P. J.. 2009. Out of the swamp: unidirectional hybridization with weedy species may explain the prevalence of Amaranthus tuberculatus as a weed. New Phytologist 184 : 819 - 827.

Amaranthus tuberculatus represents one of the most dramatic cases of weed invasion documented in the midwestern USA. The species is infamous for evolving resistance to multiple herbicides, and predicting whether these resistances may be transferred to widespread weeds of the Amaranthus hybridus aggregate is a matter of epidemiological concern. Here, we explore the patterns of genetic exchange between Amaranthus tuberculatus and A. hybridus in an effort to understand whether allele introgression occurs throughout the genome and if fecundity penalties are associated with genetic exchange. We evaluated 192 homoploid BC₁s at 197 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) loci, as well as two loci associated with herbicide resistance: ALS and PPO. We also assessed the fecundity of each genotype by evaluation of seed production or pollen development. It was discovered that genetic exchange between the species is unidirectional. Whereas A. hybridus alleles transfer with little or no penalty to A. tuberculatus, the reciprocal exchange is significantly distorted and potentially of limited evolutionary consequence. Our previous hypothesis suggesting unidirectional introgression at ALS owing to circumstantial linkage is now modified to account for the more generalized distortion of genetic exchange observed in this study..

Cruz-Hipolito, H. ; Osuna, M. D. ; Heredia, A. ; Ruiz-Santaella, J. P. ; Prado, R. de. 2009. Nontarget mechanims involved in glyphosate tolerance found in Canavalia ensiformis plants. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 57 : 4844 - 4848.

A glyphosate-tolerant population of Canavalia ensiformis was collected in a cover crop in citrus orchards in Veracruz (Mexico), where glyphosate had been used for the first time. A susceptible Amaranthus hybridus L. population was collected from a nearby field that had never been treated with glyphosate. Dose-response experiments indicated a glyphosate tolerance ratio [ED₅₀(C. ensiformis)/ED₅₀ (A. hybridus)] of 7.7. The hypothesis of a high level of glyphosate tolerance was provisionally corroborated on the basis of shikimate accumulation in both species. The susceptible population accumulated 6 times more shikimic acid in leaf tissue 96 h after glyphosate application than the tolerant leguminous crop. Two different physiological factors were involved in the glyphosate tolerance of this C. ensiformis population, which were confirmed by [¹⁴C]glyphosate, being a lack of penetration of glyphosate through the cuticle of the leguminous plants and an impaired herbicide translocation to the roots and the rest of shoots. This paper reports that two different nontarget site-based mechanisms, limited absorption and reduced translocation, contribute to the glyphosate tolerance found in C. ensiformis..

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